The judges ruled that states cannot invoke the constitutional provision to prevent presidential candidates from appearing on the ballot without a decision by Congress.
The ruling overturned local decisions in Colorado, Illinois, Maine and other states to remove Trump, the frontrunner for his party's nomination, from the ballot.
Trump's case was the first to be heard in the Supreme Court on the provision passed in the US after the Civil War that bars former presidents "involved in insurrection" from taking office again.
A Colorado state court had ruled that the provision could be applied to Trump, who was accused of inciting the attack on the Capitol.
